tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12672523090797047232023-11-15T09:25:39.646-08:00x10c kebidanan smdnannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11783488103130991757noreply@blogger.comBlogger3125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1267252309079704723.post-79001647986060251442013-04-08T20:26:00.000-07:002013-04-08T20:26:33.174-07:00Golongan Darah Manusia<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1
Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Defenisi Darah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suatu jaringan tubuh
yang terdapat dalam pembuluh darah yang warnanya merah. Warna merah itu
keadaannya tidak tetap tergantung pada banyaknya O<sub>2 </sub>dan CO<sub>2 </sub>didalamnya.
darah yang mengandung CO<sub>2 </sub>warnanya merah tua. Adanya O<sub>2 </sub>dalam
darah diambil dengan jalan bernapas, dan
zat ini sangat berguna pada peristiwa pembakaran / metabolisme dalam tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Darah selamanya beredar
dalam tubuh oleh karena adanya kerja atau pompa jantung dan selama darah berada
dalam pembuluh darah maka akan tetapi kalau ia keluar dari pembuluhnya maka
akan tetap encer, tapi kalau ia keluar dari pembuluhnya maka ia akan menjadi
beku.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian ini dapat
dicegah dengan jalan mencampurkan kedalam darah tersebut sedikit obat anti
pembekuan /sitras natrikas. Dan keadaan ini sangat berguna apabila darah
tersebut diperlukan untuk transfusi darah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seperti tumbuh –
tumbuhan dan binatang, tubuh kita terdiri dari sel – sel. Jumlah sel – sel itu
banyak sekali. Tidak dapat dihitung karena banyaknya. Bentuk sel – sel itu kita
harus mempergunakan mikroskop. Sepotong daging yang besar besarnya 3 cm persegi
terdiri dari 50.000 sel lebih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel – sel itu hidup.
Karena hidup maka sel – sel itu membutuhkan makanan dan dapat berkembang biak.
Makanan berasal dari makanan yang kita makan setiap hari. Pembiakan sel – sel
menyebabkan tubuh anak – anak menjadi besar. Jumlah sel – sel yang ada
ditubuhnya makin lama makin banyak.
Dengan demikian anak – anak tumbuh menjadi dewasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah satu jaringan
yang sangat penting bagi hidup kita ialah darah. Hidup atau mati kita
ditentukan adanya darah dalam tubuh kita. Jumlah seluruh darah kita kurang
lebih 6 persen dari seluruh berat badan. Angka nisbi itu akan lebih kecil pada
orang gemuk dan lebih besar pada orang kurus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mungkin ada yang
mengira, darah sebagian terbesar terdiri dari air. Hal itu disebabkan karena
darah merupakan benda cairan. Sebetulnya darah hanya mengandung sedikit lebih
banyak air dari pada bagian tubuh yang lunak lainnya. 75 persen dari otot –
otot kita berdiri dari air. Hati mengandung 70 persen air. Buah pinggang dan
otak mengandung air lebih kurang 80 persen. Sedangkan darah yang cair
mengandung hanya 80 persen air juga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air larut bukanlah air
murni, banyak zat – zat yang larut dalamnya. Jumlahnya kira – kira 3 persen.
Yang terbanyak ialah garam. Darahpun juga mengandung garan dan zat – zat
lainnya. Jika dikeluarkan sel – sel hidup yang ada dalam darah, sisanya
merupakan cairan yang bernama plasma. Plasma darah 90 – 92 persennya terdiri
dari air. Sedangkan air laut kurang lebih 97 persennya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi darah diantaranya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai alat pengangkut yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengambil O<sub>2 </sub>/ zat pembakaran
dari paru – paru untuk diedarkan keseluruh jaringan tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengangkat CO<sub>2 </sub>dan jaringan
untuk dikeluarkan melalui paru – paru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengambil zat – zat makanan dari usus
halus untuk diedarkan dan dibagikan keseluruh jaringan /alat tubuh tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengangkat / mengeluarkan zat – zat yang
tidak berguna bagi tubuh untuk dikeluarkan melalui kulit dan ginjal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai pertahanan tubuh terhadap serangan
bibit penyakit dan racun yang akan membinasakan tubuh dengan perantaraan
leukosit, antibodi / zat – zat anti racun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyebarkan panas keseluruh tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2
Tujuan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2.1 Tujuan Umum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
akhir perkuliahan mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan genetika golongan darah sehingga
dapat menjadi sumber pengetahuan yang dapat digunakan untuk memberikan
pendidikan dimasa depannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2.2 Tujuan Khusus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui pengertian darah dan fungsinya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui keanekaragaman sistem golongan darah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
mengetahui bagaimana kecocokan golongan darah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Serta
mengetahui bagaimana pewarisannya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1
Pengertian Darah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Darah adalah jaringan tubuh yang berbeda
dengan jaringan tubuh lain, berada dalam konsistensi cair, beredar dalam suatu
sistem tertutup yang dinamakan sebagai pembuluh darah dan menjalankan fungsi
transpor berbagai bahan serta fungsi homeostasis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggolongan darah sebagai suatu
jaringan didasarkan atas defenisi jaringan, yaitu sekelompok sel atau beberapa
jenis sel, yang mempunyai bentuk yang sama dan menjalankan fungsi tertentu.
Hanya saja, berbeda dengan jaringan lain, sel – sel yang terdapat dalam darah
dan dinamai sebagai sel – sel darah tidaklah terikat satu sama lain membentuk
suatu struktur yang bernama organ, melainkan berada dalam keadaan suspensi
dalam suatu cairan. Dengan demikian, darah dapat dibagi menjadi dua bagian
besar. Bagian pertama adalah unsur yang berbentuk atau figuratif, yang dapat
dilihat dengan bantuan mikroskop. Bagian kedua adalah unsur tidak berbentuk
atau non-figuratif. Dinamakan demikian karena bagian ini tidak dapat dilihat
secara kasat mata dengan bantuan alat apapun. Kehadiran unsur ini hanya dapat
diketahui secara kimia. Dengan demikian, dapatlah dikatakan, bahwa bagian ini
terdiri atas berbagai bahan yang terlarut didalan cairan darah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1.1
Volume Darah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Volume darah pada orang dewasa sehat
ditentukan oleh jenis kelamin. Volume darah pada laki – laki dewasa adalah 5
liter, sedangkan pada perempuan dewasa agak lebih rendah, yaitu 4,5 liter.
Nilai ini mutlak, karena ditentukan dua hal. Pertama, ada keseimbangan antara
ruang intra pembuluh darah ( ruang intravaskuler) dengan ruang anatarsel.
Meskipun secara anatomis sistem pembuluh darah adalah ruang tertutup bila
dilihat secara mikroskopis, ada celah diantara sel – sel, yang dapat dilalui
cairan. Kedua, nilai tersebut tergantung kepada cara pengukuran. Pengukuran
volume darah umumnya didasarkan atas cara pengenceran. Suatu senyawa yang tidk
diolah oleh sel – sel tubuh dan mudah dikeluarkan melalui kencing setelah
beberapa waktu, disuntikkan dalam jumlah dan konsentrasi tertentu kedalam
pembuluh darah balik. Beberapa menit kemudian, setelah dianggap bahwa senyawa
telah tersebar rata diseluruh ruang pembuluh darah, diambil contoh darah dari
pembuluh balik ditempat yang berbeda. Konsentrasi senyawa tersebut didalam
darah diukur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1.2
Fungsi Darah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara umum fungsi darah ialah sebagai
berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat
transpor makanan, yang diserap dari saluran cerna dan diedarkan keseluruh
tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat
transport O<sub>2, </sub>yang diambil dari paru – paru atau insang untuk dibawa
keseluruh tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat
transport bahan buangan dari kejaringan kealat – alat ekskresi seperti paru –
paru (gas), ginjal dan kulit (bahan terlarut dalam air) dan hati untuk
diteruskan keempedu dan saluran cerna sebagai tinja (untuk bahan yang sukar
larut dalam air).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat
transport antar jaringan dari bahan – bahan yang diperlukan oleh suatu jaringan
lain. Hal ini tampak jelas, misalnya dalam transpor lipoprotein seperti
lipoprotein densitas tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempertahankan
keseimbangan keseimbangan dinamis (homeostasis) dalam tubuh, termasuk
didalamnya ialah mempertahankan suhu tubuh, mengatur keseimbangan asam – basa
sehingga pH darah dan cairan tubuh tetap dalam keadaan yang seharusnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempertahankan
tubuh dari agresi benda atau senyawa asing yang umumnya selalu dianggap punya
potensi menimbulkan ancaman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
demikian, secara garis besar dapat dikatakan, bahwa fungsi darah ialah sebagai
sarana transpor, alat homeostasis dan alat pertahanan. Ketiga fungsi tersebut dijalankan
dalam berbagai bentuk dan cara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain
itu tugas pokok dari pada darah ialah membantu pernapasan. Darah mengambil zat
asam yang dihisap oleh paru – paru waktu menarik napas. Kemudian membawa dan
membagi – bagikannya keseluruh jaringan tubuh. Zat asam itu diserap oleh
permukaan sel darah merah. Dengan zat asam itu sel – sel tubuh mengubah makanan
menjadi tenaga yang menentukan pertumbuhan dan kegiatan tubuh. Setelah itu
darah mengumpulkan kotoran yang tak berguna lagi bagi tubuh dan membawanya keparu
– paru. Kotoran itu kemudian dibuang keluar waktu menghembuskan nafas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2 Pengertian Golongan Darah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Golongan darah</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> adalah
ciri khusus <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darah" title="Darah">darah</a>
dari suatu individu karena adanya perbedaan jenis <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat">karbohidrat</a>
dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>
pada permukaan membran <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_darah_merah" title="Sel darah
merah">sel darah merah</a>. Dua jenis penggolongan darah
yang paling penting adalah penggolongan <b>ABO</b> dan <b>Rhesus</b> (faktor
Rh). Di dunia ini sebenarnya dikenal sekitar 46 jenis <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigen</a> selain
antigen ABO dan Rh, hanya saja lebih jarang dijumpai. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfusi_darah" title="Transfusi
darah">Transfusi
darah</a> dari golongan yang tidak kompatibel dapat menyebabkan reaksi
transfusi imunologis yang berakibat <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anemia_hemolisis&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Anemia hemolisis (halaman belum tersedia)">anemia hemolisis</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagal_ginjal" title="Gagal ginjal">gagal
ginjal</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syok&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Syok (halaman belum tersedia)">syok</a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kematian" title="Kematian">kematian</a>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Golongan darah manusia ditentukan berdasarkan jenis <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigen</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodi" title="Antibodi">antibodi</a> yang
terkandung dalam darahnya, sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Individu dengan golongan darah <b>A</b>
memiliki sel darah merah dengan antigen A di permukaan membran selnya dan
menghasilkan antibodi terhadap antigen B dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serum&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Serum (halaman belum tersedia)">serum</a> darahnya. Sehingga, orang
dengan golongan darah A-negatif hanya dapat menerima darah dari orang
dengan golongan darah A-negatif atau O-negatif.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Individu dengan golongan darah <b>B</b>
memiliki antigen B pada permukaan sel darah merahnya dan menghasilkan
antibodi terhadap antigen A dalam serum darahnya. Sehingga, orang dengan
golongan darah B-negatif hanya dapat menerima darah dari orang dengan
dolongan darah B-negatif atau O-negatif<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Individu dengan golongan darah <b>AB</b>
memiliki sel darah merah dengan antigen A dan B serta tidak menghasilkan
antibodi terhadap antigen A maupun B. Sehingga, orang dengan golongan
darah AB-positif dapat menerima darah dari orang dengan golongan darah ABO
apapun dan disebut <i>resipien universal</i>. Namun, orang dengan golongan
darah AB-positif tidak dapat mendonorkan darah kecuali pada sesama AB-positif.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Individu dengan golongan darah <b>O</b>
memiliki sel darah tanpa antigen, tapi memproduksi antibodi terhadap
antigen A dan B. Sehingga, orang dengan golongan darah O-negatif dapat
mendonorkan darahnya kepada orang dengan golongan darah ABO apapun dan disebut
<i>donor universal</i>. Namun, orang dengan golongan darah O-negatif hanya
dapat menerima darah dari sesama O-negatif.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Secara umum, golongan darah O adalah yang paling umum
dijumpai di dunia, meskipun di beberapa negara seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia">Swedia</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegia" title="Norwegia">Norwegia</a>,
golongan darah A lebih dominan. Antigen A lebih umum dijumpai dibanding antigen
B. Karena golongan darah AB memerlukan keberadaan dua antigen, A dan B,
golongan darah ini adalah jenis yang paling jarang dijumpai di dunia.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Ilmuwan
Austria, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl
Landsteiner">Karl Landsteiner</a>, memperoleh penghargaan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel" title="Nobel">Nobel</a> dalam bidang <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiologi" title="Fisiologi">Fisiologi</a> dan
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedokteran" title="Kedokteran">Kedokteran</a>
pada tahun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930" title="1930">1930</a>
untuk jasanya menemukan cara penggolongan darah ABO.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.3 Keanekaragaman Sistem Golongan
Darah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
manusia dikenal berbagai macam sistem golongan darah. Yang paling diketahui dan
memiliki arti paling penting adalah sistem golongan darah ABO. Penemuan
keanekaragaman sistem golongan darah ini selanjutnya memacu penemuan sistem
golongan darah lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengingat
keterbatasan tempat dan juga pertimbangan kepentingannya secara medis, pada
bagian ini tidak akan dibahas semua sistem penggolongan darah yang sekarang
telah diketahui. Uraian akan lebih ditekankan pada sistem golongan darah ABO
dan Rhesus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
Golongan Darah ABO<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
golongan darah ABO merupakan satu sistem keanekaragaman yang pertama kali
diketahui pada manusia. Dengan teknik imunologis, sistem yang pertama kali
dikemukakan oleh Karl Landsteiner pada awal abad ini ternyata memegang peran
penting dalam kajian keanekaragaman pada manusia. Disamping itu, sebagai
petanda genetik, golongan darah juga sangat penting secara medis, khususnya
dalam transfusi darah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai
petanda genetik yang memiliki keanekaragaman, sistem golongan darah ini terdiri
atas fenotip A, B, AB dan O. Masing – masing fenotip ditentukan oleh antigen
golongan darah yang dapat ditemui dipermukaan sel darah merah. Sel darah merah
yang dapat ditemui dipermukaan sel darah merah. Sel darah merah yang mengandung
antigen A menyebabkan timbulnya golongan darah B, antigen A dan B menghasilkan
golongan darah AB, dan tidak adanya antigen menghasilkan golongan darah O.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yang
menarik dalam sistem golongan darah ini adalah adanya antibodi alami dalam
serum setiap individu. Dala serum individu golongan A terdapat anti B, individu
golongan B terdapat anti A, individu golongan AB tidak terdapat anti apapun dan
individu golongan O terdapat anti A dan anti B.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
dasarnya golongan darah ini dapat ditentukan secara imnologis. Dalam hal ini
golongan A ditentukan dengan adanya aglutinasi pada sel darah merah yang
direaksikan dengan antibodi A. Dengan cara yang sama, golongan darah B
ditentukan berdasarkan adanya aglutinasi dengan antibodi B. Golongan darah AB
ditentukan berdasarkan atas adanya aglutinasi dengan antibodi A dan B serta
yang terakhir golongan darah O yang ditentukan atas tidak adanya aglutinasi
dengan ketiga jenis antibodi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ditnjau
dari segi genetiknya, sistem golongan darah ABO diwariskan secara autosom
kedominan. Dengan pewarisan senacam ini ekspresi gena yang terdapat pada
kromosom homolog masing – masing akan menghasilkan protein yang selanjutnya
berperan sebagai penentu golongan darah. Pemeriksaan terhadap antigen sistem
golongan darah ini menunjukkan bahwa gugus penentu antigeniknya adalah gugus
hidrat penentu antigeniknya adalah gugus hidrat arang pada molekul
mukopolisakarida (glikoprotein). Ternyata semua glikoprotein antigen golongan
darah ABO memiliki struktur dasar yang serupa. Perbedaannya hanya terlihat pada
gugus hidrat arang yang ditambahkan pada senyawa prazat (prekursor)nya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
menjadi antigen golongan darah tertentu, senyawa prazat mengalami perubahan
bertingkat karena pengaruh produk gena – gena tertentu, yaitu gena H, A, B dan
O. Senyawa prazat yang berupa mukopolisakarida oleh produk gena H akan diubah
menjadi senyawa H ini oleh produk gena A atau B akan diubah menjadi antigen A
atau B dan sebagian senyawa H yang lain tetap tidak mengalami perubahan. Gena O
yang bersifat amorfik tidak mempengaruhi perubahan senyawa H sehingga pada
individu golongan O, antigen H terdapat dalam kadar yang tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekspresi
gena A dan B tampaknya tergantung pada kerja gena H. Kebanyakan individu
bersifat homosigot untuk gena H (HH). Alel gena H, yaitu h, yang bersifat
jarang, menunjukkan gena amorfik sehingga individu bergenotip hh sangat jarang
dijumpai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
Golongan Darah Rhesus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disamping
golongan darah ABO, golongan darah Rhesus (Rh) sangat penting dalam transfusi
darah. Hal ini disebabkan karena adanya individu yang memiliki fenotif Rh
positif dan Rh negatif. Darah seseorang digolongkan Rh positif dan Rh negatif
tergantung pada ada tidaknya antigen Rh (antigen D) pada membran sel darah
merahnya. Ada tidaknya antigen D ditentukan dengan uji aglutinasi sel darah
merah menggunakan anti-D.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua
individu Rh negatif biasanya tidak mengandung anti-D dan tampaknya tidak ada
senyawa alami yang menyerupai antigen-D, sebab bila individu Rh negatif
memiliki anti-D, ia pernah kemasukan sel darah merah Rh positif. Sel darah
merah Rh positif dapat masuk kedalam sirkulasi individu Rh negatif melalui
beberapa cara. Pertama, transfusi darah dan donor Rh positif kependerita Rh
negatif. Kedua, masuknya sel darah merah Rh positif dari janin melalui tembuni
kesirkulasi darah ibu Rh negatif negatif pada saat melahirkan atau akhir masa
kehamilan. Apapun caranya, masuknya sel darah merah Rh positif kedalam
sirkulasi darah Rh negatif akan merangsang timbulnya anti-D. Yang perlu diingat
adalah bahwa anti-D ini tidak berbahaya bagi sel darah merah individu yang
bersangkutan, tetapi dapat menimbulkan persoalan pada kehamilan atau transfusi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain
antigen D, dalam sistem golongan darah Rhesus ternyata terdapat antigen lain
yaitu antigen C dan E. Antigen – antigen ini ditentukan oleh gena yang terkait
satu sama lain dalam satu kromosom. Alelnya adalah C dan c, dan d serta E dan
e. Alel ini bersifat dapat diwariskan dan berdasarkan teori Fisher-Race,
pewarisannya ditentukan oleh pasangan tiga gena tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Jenis penggolongan darah lain yang cukup
dikenal adalah dengan memanfaatkan <i>faktor Rhesus</i> atau <i>faktor Rh</i>.
Nama ini diperoleh dari monyet jenis Rhesus yang diketahui memiliki faktor ini
pada tahun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940" title="1940">1940</a> oleh
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Karl
Landsteiner</a>. Seseorang yang tidak memiliki faktor Rh di permukaan sel darah
merahnya memiliki golongan darah Rh-. Mereka yang memiliki faktor Rh pada
permukaan sel darah merahnya disebut memiliki golongan darah Rh+. Jenis
penggolongan ini seringkali digabungkan dengan penggolongan ABO. Golongan darah
O+ adalah yang paling umum dijumpai, meskipun pada daerah tertentu golongan A
lebih dominan, dan ada pula beberapa daerah dengan 80% populasi dengan golongan
darah B.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kecocokan faktor Rhesus amat penting karena
ketidakcocokan golongan. Misalnya donor dengan Rh+ sedangkan resipiennya Rh-)
dapat menyebabkan produksi antibodi terhadap antigen Rh(D) yang mengakibatkan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolisis" title="Hemolisis">hemolisis</a>. Hal
ini terutama terjadi pada perempuan yang pada atau di bawah usia melahirkan
karena faktor Rh dapat mempengaruhi janin pada saat <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamil" title="Hamil">kehamilan</a>.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<h2>
<span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></h2>
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2.4 </span></span><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kecocokan golongan darah<o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
<h2>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></h2>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 40.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid white; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid white; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 3.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 350px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 28.65pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="9" style="background: #CC99FF; border-bottom: white; border-left: #8064A2; border-right: #8064A2; border-style: solid; border-top: #CC66FF; border-width: 1.0pt; height: 28.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: #CC66FF .25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 262.15pt;" valign="top" width="350"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt -4.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt -4.85pt;">
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
Tabel kecocokan RBC</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 73.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 73.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.05pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Gol. darah resipien<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="8" style="background: #F2EFF6; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 73.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Donor harus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 14.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.05pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">AB+<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="background: #BFB1D0; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Golongan darah manapun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFB1D0; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFB1D0; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.05pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">AB-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2EFF6; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">O-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2EFF6; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">AB-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<br /></div>
</td>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<tr style="height: 14.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A+<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFB1D0; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">O-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">O+<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFB1D0; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A+<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFB1D0; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
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<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFB1D0; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.05pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2EFF6; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">O-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2EFF6; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2EFF6; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2EFF6; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.05pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B+<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFB1D0; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">O-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">O+<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFB1D0; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B+<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFB1D0; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFB1D0; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: white .5pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: #CC66FF .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CC66FF .25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.05pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2EFF6; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CC66FF .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CC66FF .25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">O-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CC66FF .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CC66FF .25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2EFF6; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CC66FF .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CC66FF .25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CC66FF .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CC66FF .25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2EFF6; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CC66FF .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CC66FF .25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CC66FF .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CC66FF .25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2EFF6; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CC66FF .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CC66FF .25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: #CC66FF .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CC66FF .25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.05pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">O+<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFB1D0; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">O-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">O+<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFB1D0; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFB1D0; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFB1D0; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-left: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: #8064A2; mso-border-left-alt: #8064A2; mso-border-right-alt: white; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: white; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.05pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">O-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2EFF6; border-bottom: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">O-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2EFF6; border-bottom: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2EFF6; border-bottom: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2EFF6; border-bottom: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: #8064A2; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: white; mso-border-right-alt: #8064A2; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: white; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 233.3pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="2" style="border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 233.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 320.95pt;" valign="top" width="428"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 37.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid white; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid white; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 3.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 347px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 14.85pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="6" style="background: #CC99FF; border-bottom: white; border-left: #8064A2; border-right: #8064A2; border-style: solid; border-top: #CC66FF; border-width: 1.0pt; height: 14.85pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: #CC66FF .25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 260.1pt;" valign="top" width="347"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tabel kecocokan plasma<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.95pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Resipien<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="5" style="background: #F2EFF6; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Donor harus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.95pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">AB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFB1D0; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">AB manapun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFB1D0; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFB1D0; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.95pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2EFF6; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A atau AB manapun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2EFF6; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2EFF6; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.95pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFB1D0; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">B atau AB manapun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFB1D0; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFB1D0; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.95pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2EFF6; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2EFF6; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2EFF6; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-left: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: #8064A2; mso-border-left-alt: #8064A2; mso-border-right-alt: white; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: white; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.95pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">O<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFB1D0; border-bottom: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">O, A, B atau AB manapun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFB1D0; border-bottom: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCC0D9; border-bottom: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #8064A2 .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFB1D0; border-bottom: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #8064A2 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: #8064A2; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: white; mso-border-right-alt: #8064A2; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: white; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 26.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 26.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 320.95pt;" valign="top" width="428"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 26.45pt; mso-row-margin-left: 288.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="384"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 26.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-diagonal-up: .5pt solid white; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.0pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 1.55pt; mso-row-margin-left: 288.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="384"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 1.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.0pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<!--[if !supportMisalignedColumns]</script>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB
III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1
Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Darah adalah salah stu bagian tubuh yang
paling mendapat perhatian dan penghargaan yang tinggi. Demikian tinggi
penghargaan tersebut, sehingga darah seringkali dihubungkan dengan berbagai hal
yang sebenarnya diluar fungsi darah itu sendiri. Berbagai ungkapan seperti
“darah daging” , “pertalian darah”, tanah tumpah darah”, “darah biru” , “darah
muda”, dan “darah mendidih” yang digunakan dalam percakapan. Hal ini betapa
menunjukkan tingginya nilai darah pada pandangan manusia. Lebih dai itu, acap
kali pula darah tidak hanya digunakan sekedar dalam ungkapan, tetapi secara
nyata untuk mengukuhkan sesuatu yang bersifat sakral. Pada berbagai suku bangsa
yang sederhana, ada upacara yang sedikit melukai tubuh untuk meneteskan darah
sebagai ungkapan prasetnya terhadap nilai atau kesepakatan tertentu, bahkan
menunjukkan kepatuhan yang tidak diragukan lagi kepada seseorang tokoh panutan.
Dipihak lain, darah juga melambangkan semangat hidup dan kemudaan. Hal ini juga
dijumpai tidak hanya dalam sekedar ungkapan, tetapi juga dalam bentuk tindakan.
Dalam pengobatan lama ada tindakan bekam, yaitu melukai kulit untuk
mengeluarkan darah yang dianggap kotor, dalam usaha mengobati penyakit. Bahkan
dalam praktiknya, diabad pertengahan masehi, orang sudah melakukan transfusi
darah untuk tujuan mempermudah (rejuvenilisasi) tubuh. Tidak jarang, untuk
tujuan tersebut nyawa manusia lain dikorbankan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Darah umumnya dipandang sebagai cairan
tubuh yang kental, berwarna merah dan tidak transparan serta berada dalam suatu
ruang tertutup yang dinamai sebagai sistem pembuluh darah. Uraian yang demikian
tentang darah lebih bersifat deskriptif, yang bersifat menguraikan secara
analitis tetapi ringkas tentang hakikat sesuatu yang didefinisikan tersebut.
Dalam uraian tentang darah tersebut misalnya, tidak terlihat sifat dan fungsi
darah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Darah, seperti yang telah didefinisikan
dan yang dapat dilihat, adalah suatu cairan tubuh yang kental dan bewarna
merah, kedua sifat utama ini, yaitu warna merah dan kenta, membedakan darah
dari cairan tubuh yang lain. Kekentalan ini disebabkan oleh banyaknya senyawa
dengan berbagai macam berat molekul, dari yang kecil sampai yang besar seperti
protein, yang terlarut dalam darah. Warna merah, yang memberi ciri yang sangat
khas bagi darah, disebabkan oleh adanya senyawa yang berwarna merah dalam sel –
sel darah merah (SDM) yang tersuspensi dalam darah. Dengan adanya senyawa
dengan berbagai macam ukuran molekul yang terlarut tersebut, ditambah dengan
suspensi sel, baik SDM maupun sel – sel
darah yang lain, darah pun menjadi cairan dengan massa jenis dan kekentalan
(viskositas) yang lebih besar dari pada air. Massa jenis darah biasanya antara
1,054 – 1,060. Cairan darah yang telah terpisah dari sel – sel darah, yaitu
plasma atau serum mempunyai massa jenis antara 1,024 – 1,028.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan untuk memahami fungsi darah,
kita bandingkan keadaan makhluk bersel satu dengan makhluk bersel banyak
(metazoa). Pada mkhluk bersel satu, baik prokaryot maupun eukaryot, segala
sesuatu yang menyangkut kehidupan sel tersebut harus dilakukan oleh sel itu
sendiri. Demikianlah, makhluk sel tunggal mencari sendiri makanannya, mengolah
sendiri makanan tersebut dan mengeluarkan sendiri hasil olahan yang tidak
diperlukan (ekskreta) kelingkungan. Bila lingkungan sel tersebut tidak
mendukung kehidupan, sel tunggal tersebut harus mengusahakan segala daya, apakh
itu berupa pindah tempat atau melawan ancaman dari lingkungan. Selain itu, sel
tunggal itu pulalah yang bertanggung jawab atas kelestarian diri dan
spesiennya, baik dengan cara pembelahan, pertunasan ataupun dengan cara
konjugasi dengan sel tunggal lain yang sejenis perkawinan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebaliknya, pada makhluk bersel banyak,
betapun sederhana metazoa tersebut sudah ada pembagian kerja atau organisasi.
Pada metazoa, akan selalu ada sel yang tidak dapat secara langsung memperoleh
makanan dari lingkungannya. Demikian pula, tidak semua sel mampu membuang
langsung kedunia luar hasil olahan yang tidak berguna, apalagi berbahaya.
Apabila ada bahaya yang mengancam, semua sel membentuk organisme tersebut harus
secara bersama – sama mengatasinya, misalnya dengan menghindarkan diri dengan
cara berpindah ketempat lain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.6pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biokimia
darah / H. Mohammad Sadikin. – Jakarta : Widya Medika, 2001.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Buku
saku ilmu kebidanan / Thomas Rabe ; alih bahasa, Ida Bagus Gde Manuaba, Ida
Bagus Gde Fajar manuaba, Ida Ayu Chandranita Manuaba ; editor edisi bahasa
Indonesia, Anna P. Bani, Desy Limanjaya, Natalia Susi. – Jakarta : Hipokrates,
2002.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bodmer,
W. F., Cavalli-Sforza, L. L 1978. Genetics, Evolution, and Man. W. H. Freeman
and Company, San Fransisco.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Burns,
G. W., Buttino, P. J. 1998 the science of genetics. Sixth ed., Macmillan
Publishing Company , New York, Collier Macmillan Publiher.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golongan_darah#Rhesus"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golongan_darah#Rhesus</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
nannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11783488103130991757noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1267252309079704723.post-69784896688138567172010-11-25T22:26:00.000-08:002010-11-25T22:26:35.593-08:00pemberian obat secara intravena<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat merupakan sebuah substansi yang diberikan kepada manusia atau binatang sebagai perawatan, pengobatan, atau bahkan pencegahan terhadap berbagai gangguan yang terjadi dalam tubuh.Dalam pelaksanaannya, tenaga medis memiliki tanggung jawab dalam keamanan obat dan pemberian secara langsung kepada pasien.Hal ini semata-mata hanya untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pasien.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Farmakologi menjadi penting karena mempelajari tentang efek dari obat, sehingga diharapkan mampu mengevaluasi efek pegobatan. Pada efek obat, ada beberapa istilah yang penting kita ketahui diantaranya: nama generic merupakan nama pertama dari pabrik yang sudah mendapatkan lisensi, kemudian ada nama resmi yang memiliki arti nama dibawah lisensi salah satu publikasi yang resmi, nama kimiawi merupakan nama yang berasal dari susunan zat kimianya seperti acethylsalicyic acid atau aspirin, kemudian nama dagangnya (trade mark) merupakan nama yang keluar sesuai dengan perusahaan atau pabrik dalam menggunakan symbol seperti ecortin, bufferin, empirin, analsik, dan lain-lain.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat yang digunakan sebaiknya memenuhi standar persyaratan obat, diantaranya kemurnian, yaitu suatu keadaan yang dimiliki oleh obat karena unsur keasliannya, tidak ada campuran dan standar potensi yang baik.Selain kemurnian, obat juga harus memiliki bioaviabilitas berupa keseimbangan obat, keamanan, dan efektiitas. Standar-standar tersebut harus dimiliki obat agar manghasilkan efek yang baik akan obat itu sendiri.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai bahan atau benda asing yang masuk kedalam tubuh, obat akan bekerja sesuai dengan proses kimiawi melalui suatu reaksi obat. Reaksi obat dapat dihitung dalam satuan waktu paruh, yakni suatu interval waktu yang diperlukan dalam tubuh untuk proses eliminasi, sehingga terjadi pengurangan konsentrasi setengah dari kadar puncak obat dalam tubuh.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian obat kepada pasien dapat dilakukan melalui beberapa cara, diataranya: oral, parentral, rektal, vaginal, kulit, mata, telinga, dan hidung. Dalam pemberian obat kepada pasien, ada beberapa persyaratan yang perlu diperhatikan untuk menjamin keamanan dalam pemberian obat, diantaranya : tepat obat, tepat dosis, tepat pasien, tepat jalur pemberian, tepat waktu dan tepat dokumentasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam pelaksanaannya, Pemberian obat/medikasi mempunyai prosedur tetap yang dilakukan secara teoritis yang merupakan tindakan keperawatan yang memerlukan strategi pelaksanaan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun strategi pelaksanaan tindakan keperawatan meliputi :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses keperawatan : </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kondisi klien</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Masalah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan khusus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tindakan keperawatan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Strategi Komunikasi dalam pelaksanaan tindakan keperawatan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Orientasi </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Salam teapeutik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi/validasi kondisi klien</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontrak : topic / waktu / tempat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerja : sesuai komunikasi untuk langkah-langkah tindakan keperawatan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terminasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi respon klien</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi subjektif (wawancara dan pertanyaan)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi ojektif (observasi)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tindakan lanjut</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontrak yang akan datang : Topik / waktu / tempat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan Umum </span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa mampu memberikan medikasi kepada klien dengan benar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan khusus</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah menyelesaikan makalah ini dan seterusnya mahasiswa mampu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan tentang pengertian pemberian obat melalui intravena</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan tentang cara-cara pemberian obat melalui intravena</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan tentang hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan ketika jalur infus dipakai untuk suntikan intravena</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan tentang reaksi tubuh dalam menerima obat intravena</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan tentang khasiat dan efek samping pemberian obat melalui intravena</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan tentang prosedur pemberian obat intravena</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Definisi </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adalah pemasukan atau pemberian obat melalui jalur pembuluh darah vena kedalam tubuh, diantaranya melalui vena media cubitus/chepalica (daerah lengan), vena saphenous (tungkai), vena jugularis (leher), vena frontalis/temporalis di daerah frontal dan temporal dari temporal, vena basilica,<span> </span>dan lain-lain.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian obat intravena dapat dilakukan dengan cara infus continue, infus intermitten ataupun dalam bentuk bolus. Formulasi untuk ketiga cara pemberian ini tidak dapat saling dipertukarkan, karena akan berakibat fatal pada pasien.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Infus intravena continue</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian obat melalui infus yang continue bertujuan untuk menghasilkan dan mempertahankan konsentrasi obat yang konstan dalam darah, misalnya pada pemberian oksitosin (Syntosinon<sup>®</sup>). Obat tersebut diberikan sebagia larutan yang encer untuk mengurangi iritasi vena.Akan tetapi kita harus yakin bahwa larutan obat yang disuntikkan lewat infus dapat bercampur dengan larutan infusnya.Sebagai contoh, frusemid (Furosemid) tidak dapat bercampur dengan larutan Glukose/Dextrose.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Infus intermittent</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa obat dapat diberikan sebagai infus selama 20 menit hingga 1 jam/ cara pelaksanaannya bergantung pada apakah sudah ada infus yang terpasang atau hanya obat tersebut yang akan diberikan melalui infus. Bila ada infus yang harus diberikan bersamaan, kedua obat tersebut harus kompantibel dan digunakan two-way-tap. Bila hanya obat tersebut yang akan diinfuskan, kanula tersebut harus dibilas sebelum dan setelah pemberian obat. Pemberian infus intermitten dapat menyebabkan konsentrasi obat tersebut dalam plasma berfluktuasi, dan dapat turun diatas atau dibawah kisaran terapeutik.Keadaan ini dapat menimbulkan intoksikasi (keracunan) maupun kegagalan terapi.Konsentrasi yang berfluktuasi tersebut dapat terjadi, misalnya pada wanita yang mendapatkan terapi antibiotic atau heparin intravena.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena penyerapan obat-obat intravena berlangsung sangat cepat, maka pemberiannya harus benar-benar “tepat waktu” penyuntikan yang terlambat atau pemberian yang terlalu dekat antara yang satu dengan yang lainnya akan menyebabkan fluktuasi pada konsentrasi obat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika menambahkan obat kedalam botol cairan infus, berikut ini adalah hal – hal yang harus diperhatikan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak menusuk botol pada saat memasukkan obat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Label tambahan harus dipasang dengan mencantumkan nama obat, dosis, nama dan no. register pasien serta waktu pemberian</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat dan cairan harus larut sempurna</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kecepatan aliran harus benar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh obat yang diberikan dengan cara infus intermitten :Flagyl IV, Larutan inf. 0,5% x 100 ml</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian secara bolus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Suntikan dapat diberikan langsung pada pembuluh vena atau pada selang infus (per-kap). Penyuntikan langsung pada vena biasanya sedapat mungkin dihindari, karena alasan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan jarum baja untuk penyuntikan IV yang berkali-kali membawa resiko ekstravasasi dan kerusakan jaringan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanpa akses vena yang continue, setiap reaksi yang merugikan akan sulit ditangani.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian secara bolus lewat infus harus dilakukan dengan perlahan untuk memungkinkan cairan infus mengalir terus dan mengencerkan obat yang disuntikkan.Kecepatan penyuntikan tergantung pada jenis obatnya.Umumnya tidak ada obat yang boleh disuntikkan secara intravena dengan kecepatan kurang dari satu menit, kecuali jika paseinnya mengalami gagal jantung atau bila terdapat perdarahan hebat (Loeb et al, 1993; McKenry & salerno, 1995).Sebagian besar obat dapat disuntikkan dalam waktu satu hingga tiga menit dengan beberapa pengecualian penting seperti epineprin (adrenalin), efedrin dan aminofilin (Swonger & Matejski, 1991).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian obat yang cenderung cepat dapat menyebabkan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trauma pada vena</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi hipersensitivitas yang hebat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Efek samping yang serius</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Edema paru atau embolisasi jika volume cairan yang disuntikkan cukup besar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal – hal yang perlu dipertimbangkan ketika <span> </span>jalur infus dipakai untuk suntikan intravena</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk memudahkan akses vena, pembuluh vena yang merupakan tempat pemasangan infus harus berada dalam keadaan vasodilatasi. Karena itu daerah tersebut harus hangat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pungsi vena atau kanulasi vena akan menimbulkan nyeri. Rasa nyeri ini dapat dikurangi dengan mengoleskan krim obat anastesi local. Preparat gel ametokain (tertrakain)bekerja lebih cepat dan efektif daripada krim anastesi local lainnya. Ametokain menimbulkan vasodilatasi sehingga berbeda dengan lignokain yang menyebabkan vasokonstriksi. Sifat ini jelas amat penting ketika kita mengakses pembuluh vena (Russel & Doyle, 1997). Namun seperti halnya pada pemasangan semua kateter akan terdapat efek samping kecil, utamanya dari absorpsi sistematik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penbuluh darah perifer dapat mengempis atau kolaps pada keadaan syok sehingga aksesnya sulit dilakukan; keadaan ini terjadi misalnya pada perdarahan postpartum. Pembuluh darah dapat juga mengeras dengan pembentukan parut dan tidak bisa diakses; hal ini terjadi karena penusukan yang sering misalnya pada ibu hamil mendapatkan penyuntikan litium IV dengan pengambilan sampel darah yang teratur. Umumnya sebuah pembuluh vena hanya dapat diharapkan tetap paten selama 48 jam.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Vena sentral digunakan untuk terapi infus jangka panjang, pemberian larutan yang pekat atau iritatif, atau jika vena perifer tidak dapat di akses. Akan tetapi, resiko emboli udara dan pneumothoraks lebih besar pada pemberian infus kedalam vena sentral. Vena subklavia merupakan pembuluh darah balik yang sesuai untuk akses vena sentral.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lokasi pemberian infus harus dicek pada setiap kali pemakaiannyauntuk memeriksa patensinya. Tempat injeksi harus ‘dibilas’ dengan 2 ml cairan sebelum dan segera sesudah setiap pemakaian agar kelancaran cairan infus tetap terjamin; penyemprotan ini sedikinya harus dilakukan setiap 24 jam sekali untuk mencegah pembentukan bekuan (Ben-Arush & Berant, 1996). Bila akses vena tidak berhasil dilakukan, pada saat ini akan terasa adanya tahanan atau resistensi terhadap penyuntikan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat dapat ditambahkan kedalam container infus jika diperlukan pemberian infus yang kontinu kedalam plasma darah atau jika pemberian obat dalam bentuk larutan pekat akan membahayakan pasien. Pelaksanaan tindakan ini dapat menimbulkan masalah pada kecepatan pemberian dan inkompatibelitasnya. Semakinlama obat atau zat kimia saling terkena satu sama lain, semakin besar kemungkinan timbulnya inkompatibelitas. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Banyak obat melakukan interaksi dengan cairan infus atau obat lain sehingga khasiatnya menghilang, timbul toksisitas atau kerja obat yang lain. Karena itu sedapat mungkin hanya satu jenis obat yang boleh ditambahkan kedalam container infus dan penambahan obat tidak boleh dilakukan kedalam produk darah, cairan manitol, asam amino, atau natrium bicarbonate (BNF, 2000). Sebagai contoh; glucose akan menyebabkan pengumpalan sel-sel darah merah dalam cairan transfuse darah, aktifitas oksitosin akan menghilang dalam cairan transfuse darah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila zat-zat dalam larutan yang akan di infuskan itu tidak dapat bercampur atau inkompatibel, maka akan terjadi reaksi kimia yang membentuk partikel-partikel padat di dalam selang infus. Sebagai contoh, furosemide serta dopamine dapat saling berinteraksi dan membentuk endapan yang memunculkan partikel padat yang berwarna putih didalam selang infus. Bahayanya, pembentukan partikel ini tidak dapat segera terlihat. Endapan<span> </span>dalam selang infus dapat menimbulkan tromboplebitis atau bila terjadi kebocoran cairan infus tersebut, kulit pasien akan mengelupas. Cairan infus dengan PH yang berbeda-beda (Glosarium) kemungkinan tidak akan dapat bercampur. Sebagai contoh, furosemide bersifat inkompatibel atau tidak dapat bercampur dengan cairan infus yang nilai PHnya rendah seperti Glukose.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap obat yang ditambahkan kedalam cairan infus harus tercampur dengan sempurna. Hal ini melibatkan pelepasan container infus dari set infusetnya. Tanpa pencampuran yang sempurna, pemberian obat tidak akan merata. Sebagai contoh, jika kalium atau magnesium dibiarkan ‘mengendap’ pada dasar kantong infus, maka preparat ini akan diberikan dengan konsentrasi yang tinggi sehingga untuk menimbulkan henti jantung-paru.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi tubuh dalam menerima obat intravena</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian obat lewat infus atau intravena merupakan cara pemberian yang paling cepat dan pasti. Penyuntikan bolus dengan dosis tunggal akan memnghasilkan konsentrasi obat yang tinggi di dalam plasma.<span> </span>Obat dengan cepat akan mencapai kisaran terapeutiknya dan pencapaian kisaran terapeutik yang cepat amat berguna dalam keadaan emergensi. Jika obat diberikan terlalu cepat, kemungkinan konsentrasinya akan melampaui kisaran terapeutik dan memasuki kisaran toksik. Jika obat diberikan secara perlahan, peningkatan konsentrasinya akan lebih lambat. Dengan tindakan yang cermat, kecepatan pemberian obat intra vena dapat diatur untuk mengoptimalkan efeknya dan mengurangi efek samping.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian intravena berarti bahwa semua obat yang diberikan akan diserap. Disini setiap ketidakpastian dalam penentuan takaran dan waktu pemberian disebabkan oleh perbedaan individual yang melibatkan enzim usus dan hati tidak perlu dipertimbangkan. Takaran pemberian dapat dihitung dan disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan pasien dengan cara yang lebih tepat bila dibandingkan dengan cara pemberian lainnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meskipun rute pemberian intravena akan mengurangi masalah yang potensial terjadi dalam absorpsi obat, kita tetap harus mempertimbangkan masalah potensial yang berkaitan dengan distribusi dan eliminasi obat. Ketika memberi obat apapun, distrubusinya akan berkurang dan kemungkinan terjadinya intoksikasi meningkat jika pasien yang mendapatkan obat tersebut menderita gagal ginjal, gagal jantung dan syok; pasien preeclampsia berat atau eklampsia merpakan pasien yang beresiko.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerja dan efek samping obat/cara pemberian</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Umumnya kerja dan efek samping obat tidak dipengaruhi oleh cara<span> </span>pemberian. Akan tetapi, awitan efek yang merigukan dapat jauh lebih cepat terjadi saat obat tersebut disuntikkan intravena sehingga diperlukan tindakan penjagaan ekstra.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekstravasasi (kebocoran)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyuntikan langsung dapat menimbulkan tekanan yang terlalu besar pada pembuluh darah yang rapuh sehingga terjadi thromboemboli atau ekstravasasi.Kebocoran cairan isotonik dalam jumlah yang kecil tidak membahayakan, tetapi kebocoran cairan infus yang mengandung obat mungkin sangat iritan. Necrosis jaringan yang berat dan rupture kulit yang memerlukan pencangkokan kulit (atau bahkan amputasi jika terjadi pada neonatus) dapat mengikuti ekstravasasi nonadrenalin (noepinedrine) atau adrenalin (epineprin). Cairan yang mengandung kalium atau glucose juga sangat iritan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekstravasasi atau kebocoran lebih cenderung terjadi jika :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Digunakan jarum baja dan bukan kateter plastic</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemasangan infus pada tempat didekat persendian</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuluh vena harus dipunksi selama lebih dari dua hari</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemasangan jarum infus kurang dalam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Luasnya ekstravasasi dapat dibatasi dengan melakukan pengecekan yang sering dan pemasangan kasa yang transparan.Ekstravasasi obat merupakan keadaan emergensi.Dalam keadaan ini, infus harus dihentikan, jumlah obat yang sudah masuk kedalam jaringan harus diperikirakan jumlah, tungkai ditinggikan dan dokter diberitahu.Setiap inflamasi yang terjadi dapat diatasi dengan kompres es.Namun, penghangatan tempat ekstravasasi tersebut dapat meningkatkan reabsorpsi cairan dari jaringan disekitarnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Antidote atau preparat pendispersi yang dapat disuntikkan subkutan dengan dosis kecil disekitar daerah kerusakan sudah tersedia bagi beberapa obat yang mengalami ekstravasasi, misalnya; hialurodinase (Hyalase<sup>®</sup>) digunaka bila terjadi ekstravasasi aminofilin, kalsium, kalium, dekstrose, larutan nutrisi parentral total atau media kontras; preparat ini juga dapat dipakai bila cairan yang berlebihan dalam jaringan tersebut harus diserap. Hialurodinase bekerja dengan cara memecah substansi dasar dermis sehingga cairan bisa terdispersi. Takaran 1500 unit dalam 1 ml water for injection atau dalam 1 ml larutan NaCl 0,9% disuntikkan secara infiltrasi secepat mungkin kedalam daerah yang terkena. Hialorudinase tidak boleh diberikan pada bayi dengan riwayat persalinan premature yang tidak bisa dijelaskan sebabnya atau pada daerah terdapatnya infeksi atau malignitas (BNF, 2000).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Plebitis </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan inflamasi pembuluh vena yang biasanya terjadi karena kerusakan dinding vena yang menyebabkan pelepasan mediator inflamasi dan pembentukan bekuan.Gejalanya kemerahan, nyeri serta edema yangbiasanya timbul dalam waktu dua hingga tiga hari sesudah pemasangan jarum infus. Jika selang infusnya tidak lepas, maka akan terjadi infeksi. Fenitoin, erythromisin dan diazepam merupakan preparat iritan, sebagaimana halnya dengan kalium, multivitamin, deksrose dan asam amino yang konsentrasinya tinggi.Phlebitis lebih cenderung terjadi pada cairan infus yang asam atau alkalis atau sangat pekat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kewaspadaan yang perlu dilakukan untuk mengurangi ekstravasasi dan phlebitis meliputi tindakan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memastikan agar rute IV tetap paten</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghindari pemasangan infus pada punggung tangan, karena tendon dan saraf dibagian tersebut mudah rusak.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghindari vena yang sirkulasinya mudah terganggu, misalnya vena yang sudah cedera akibat fungsi vena</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghindari daerah pergelangan tangan dan jari-jari yang sulit diimobilisasi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memilih tempat yang memudahkan akses proksimal</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memeriksa bocoran sabelum memberikan obat lewat infus; pemasangan tornikuet diatas pembuluh vena harus dapat menghentikan aliran infus, jika tidak; berarti terjadi kebocoran</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengobservasi lokasi infus untuk menemukan pembengkakan atau kemerahan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meminta kepada pasien untuk melaporkan setiap rasa terbakar, gatal, atau nyeri</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggunakan kasa yang memungkinkan inspeksi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembilasan obat dengan beberapa milliliter larutan salin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saluran infus merupaka sumber infeksi yang sudah dikenal; mikroorganisme yang sering menyebabkan infeksi meliputi candidida sp., Enterobacter sp., staphylococcus epidermis, staphylococcus aureus dan sklebsiella sp. Tindakan asepsis yang ketat<span> </span>selalu diperlukan ketika kita menangani set infus<span> </span>(Perry & Leaper, 1994).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Insidens infeksi dapat dikurangi dengan cara :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengganti kanula intravena setiap 48 jam</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melakukan disinfeksi tangan dengan sabun dan air sebelum menanganni selang infus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggunakan sarung tangan steril</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Desinfeksi kulit pasien</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hanya memakai plaster steril yang mengenai tempat pemasangan infus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencantolkan tempat infus ditempat yang aman</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengganti kasa jika terlihat penumpukan cairan dibawahnya/basah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memeriksa tempat infus paling sedikit sekali dalam setiap hari untuk menemukan tanda infeksi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meminta pasien untuk memperhatikan bagian tubuhnya yang menjadi tempat pemasangan infus dan memberitahu petugas bila terdapat gejala kemerahan atau sakit pada daerah tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memeriksa pasien untuk menemukan adanya tanda demam.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(Keenlyside, 1992; loeb et al, 1993; Wilson, 1994)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Tehnik penyimpanan obat</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aktivitas beberapa jenis obat akan hilang karena cahaya; contoh obat-obat tersebut adalah efedrin, adrenalin, amfoterisin, dan natrium nitroprusid. Karena obat-obat ini disimpan untuk keperluan emergensi, kondisinya selama penyimpanan harus dicek secara teratur.Ada juga beberapa jenis obat yang harus di simpan dalam suhu tertentu (lemari pendingin) untuk mempertahankan kefektivitasnya, misalnya: sintocinon, dan sintometrine.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>F.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip-prinsip Kewaspadaan baku dan Pencegahan Infeksi yang berhubungan dengan perasat medikasi intravena :</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap orang (pasien ataupun petugas kesehatan) sangat berpotensi menularkan infeksi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci tangan : tindakan yang paling penting dalam pencegahan kontaminasi silang (orang ke orang atau benda terkontaminasi ke orang)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pakai sarung tangan (kedua tangan) sebelum menyentuh kulit yang terluka, selaput lendir (mukosa), darah atau duh tubuh lainnya atau instrument yang kotor dan sampah yang terkontaminasi, atau sebelum melakukan tindakan invasive. Pemakaian sarung tangan pada perasat IV dianggap perlu dengan jenis yang dianjurkan adalah sarung tangan pemeriksaan dan jenis yang diterima adalah sarung tangan DTT bedah (Tietjen, Cronin dan McIntosh 1992)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertahankan asepsis saat tindakan dilakukan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memegang jarum suntik dan spuit dengan aman yaitu dengan menggunakan teknik one hand (satu tangan) saat akan menutp kembali jarum suntik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Petunjuk keselamatan mempergunakan spuit dan jarum :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempergunakan tiap-tiap jarum dan spuit hanya sekali pakai</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan melepas jarum dari spuit setelah digunakan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan menyumbat, membengkokkan, atau mematahkan jarum sebelum dibuang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan dekontaminasi atas jarum dan semprit sebelum dibuang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Buanglah jarum dan semprit di wadah khusus anti bocor</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuangan sampah Benda-benda tajam sekali pakai termasuk jarum suntik memerlukan penanganan khusus karena benda-benda ini dapat melukai petugas kesehatan dan juga masyarakat sekitarnya jika sampah dibuang ditempat pembuangan sampah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>G.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis – jenis pemberian medikasi melalui intravena</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara langsung </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adalah pemberian obat melalui vena secara langsung, diantaranya melalui<span> </span>media cubitus/chepalica (daerah lengan), vena saphenous (tungkai), vena jugularis (leher). Tujuannya agar reaksi berlangsung cepat dan langsung masuk kedalam pembuluh darah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur Pemberian Obat Melalui Intravena langsung </span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase Orientasi </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Salam tereupetik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi atau validasi kondisi klien</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontrak : Topik / waktu / tempat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase Kerja</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persiapan alat :</span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kartu pengobatan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Spuit steril yang berisi larutan obat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bak Instrument</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kapas alcohol</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tornikuet</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Handschoond steril</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara Kerja </span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberitahu dan menjelaskan pada klien tentang tindakan yang akan dilakukan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempersiapkan peralatan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Membawa alat-alat ketempat pasien</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencuci tangan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memasang sarung tangan Steril</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tentukan vena yang akan digunakan untuk memasukkan obat, pasang tornikuet</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>7)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bersihkan daerah yang akan ditusuk dengan dengan kapas alcohol</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>8)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Siapkan spuit yang berisi obat dan keluarkan udara dari dalam tabung spuit</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>9)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menegangkankulit pasien dengan tangan non dominan, lalu masukkan jarum kedalam vena dengan lubang jarum mengarah keatas sejajar dengan vena.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>10)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan aspirasi, bila terhisap darah, lepas tornikuet dan dorong obat secara perlahan sampai habis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>11)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meletakkan kapas alcohol diatas jarum, menarik jarum dan spuit sambil memegan pangkal jarum.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>12)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bekas tusukan ditekan dengan kapas alcohol</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>13)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merapikan pasien</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>14)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Membereskan alat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>15)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencuci tangan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>16)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendokumentasikan hasil tindakan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase Terminasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi respon klien :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi subjektif</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi objektif</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tindak lanjut klien</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sikap</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hati-hati</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sabar dan jangan tergesa-gesa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bersikap sopan dan ramah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teliti dan cermat dalam menjaga sterilitas </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Melalui wadah intravena (secara tidak langsung)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tindakan ini merupakan prosedur memberikan obat dengan menambahkan obat kedalam wadah cairan infus (intravena). Tujuannya adalah untuk meminimalkan efek samping dan mempertahankan kadar terapeutik obat dalam darah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur pemberian obat melalui wadah intravena</span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase Orientasi </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Salam terepeutik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi atau validasi kondisi klien</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontrak : Topik / waktu / tempat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persiapan alat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Spuit dan jarum sesuai dengan ukurannya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat dan tempatnya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wadah cairan (kantong/botol)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kapas alcohol</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur kerja</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci tangan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan pada pasien mengenai prosedur yang akan dikerjakan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Periksa identitas pasien, kemudian ambil obat dan masukkan kedalam spuit</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cari tempat penyuntikan obat pada daerah kantong/botol</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan desinfeksi dengan kapas alcohol dan stop aliran</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan penyuntikan dengan memasukkan jarum sputi hingga menembus bagian tengah dan masukkan obat perlahan-lahan kedalam kantong/wadah cairan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>7)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah selesai, tarik spuit dan campur larutan dengan membalikkan kentong cairan secara perlahan-lahan dari satu ujung keujung lainnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>8)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Periksa kecepatan infus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>9)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci tangan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>10)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Catat reaksi pemberian, tanggal, waktu, dan dosis pemberian obat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase Terminasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi respon klien :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi subjektif</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi objektif</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tindak lanjut klien</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sikap</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hati-hati</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sabar dan jangan tergesa-gesa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bersikap sopan dan ramah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teliti dan cermat dalam menjaga sterilitas </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Melalui selang intravena</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tindakan ini merupakan prosedur pemberian obat melalui selang infus/intravena</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur pemberian obat melalui selang <span> </span>intravena</span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase Orientasi </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Salam tereupetik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi atau validasi kondisi klien</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontrak : Topik / waktu / tempat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persiapan alat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Spuit dan jarum sesuai dengan ukurannya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat dan tempatnya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wadah cairan (kantong/botol)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kapas alkohol</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur kerja</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci tangan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan pada pasien mengenai prosedur yang akan dikerjakan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Periksa identitas pasien, kemudian ambil obat dan masukkan kedalam spuit</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cari tempat penyuntikan obat pada daerah selang infus (pada bagian selang yang berkaret).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan desinfeksi dengan kapas alcohol dan stop aliran</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan penyuntikan dengan memasukkan jarum spuit hingga menembus bagian tengah dan masukkan obat perlahan-lahan kedalam selang intravena.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>7)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah selesai, tarik spuit </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>8)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Periksa kecepatan infus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>9)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan observasi terhadap reaksi obat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>10)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci tangan setelah prosedur selesai</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>11)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Catat reaksi pemberian, tanggal, waktu, dan dosis pemberian obat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase Terminasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi respon klien :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi subjektif</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi objektif</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tindak lanjut klien</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sikap</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hati-hati</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sabar dan jangan tergesa-gesa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bersikap sopan dan ramah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teliti dan cermat dalam menjaga sterilitas </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">RINGKASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat yang diberikan secara intravena memiliki efek yang paling cepat disbanding dengan cara pemberian yang lainnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa bidan harus benar-benar terlatih dalam pemberiannya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat – obat intravena dapat dilakukan melalui cara-cara berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara bolus atau “dorong”</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Infus intermitten</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penambahan kecairan infus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sterilitas tetap harus dipertahankan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembilasan diperlukan sebelum dan setelah pemberian obat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PERAN DAN TANGGUNG JAWAB MAHASISWA BIDAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara singkat, peran dan tanggung jawab mahasiswa bidan adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mematuhi kebijakan unit untuk pelatihan dan pemutakhiran keterampilan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melakukan proses pemeriksaan untuk memastikan obat yang benar diberikan pada pasien yang benar </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempertahankan teknik asepsis ketat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melakukan prosedur yang benar, termasuk pengkajian letak kanula dan kecepatan pemberian</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengobservasi ibu untuk adanya respon yang tidak diharapkan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melakukan pencatatan yang benar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">--------- 1998. <i>Kamus Saku Kedokteran Dorland.</i> Jakarta. EGC</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">--------- 2006. <i>MIMS Indonesia Petunjuk Konsultasi</i>. Jakarta. CMPMedica</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">--------- 2008. <i>Buku Panduan Praktik Keterampilan Dasar Praktik Klinik. </i>Samarinda. Prodi Kebidanan Poltekkes Kaltim</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">--------- 2008. <i>MIMS Bidan edisi perdana 2008/2009.</i> Jakarta. CMPMedica</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bossemeyer, Debora. 2004. <i>Penduan Pencegahan Infeksi untuk fasilitas pelayanan kesehanata dengan sumberdaya terbatas</i>. Jakarta. Yayasan Bina Pustaka Sarwono Prawihardjo</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hidayat, A. Azis. Uliyah Musrifatul. 2005. <i>Buku Saku Praktikum Kebutuhan Dasar Manusia.</i>Jakarta : Salemba Medika</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hidayat, A. Azis. Uliyah Musrifatul. 2008.<i>Keterampilan Dasar Praktek Klinik untuk Kebidanan.</i>Jakarta : Salemba Medika</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Johnson, Ruth. 2005. <i>Buku Ajar Praktik Kebidanan. </i>Jakarta. EGC</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jordan, Sue. 2004. <i>Farmakologi kebidanan</i>. Jakarta. EGC</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Varney, Helen. 2008. <i>Buku Ajar Asuhan Kebidanan jilid .</i>Jakarta. EGC</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>nannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11783488103130991757noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1267252309079704723.post-24987557234021031212010-11-25T22:15:00.001-08:002010-11-25T22:15:20.549-08:00pemberian obat secara intravena<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat merupakan sebuah substansi yang diberikan kepada manusia atau binatang sebagai perawatan, pengobatan, atau bahkan pencegahan terhadap berbagai gangguan yang terjadi dalam tubuh.Dalam pelaksanaannya, tenaga medis memiliki tanggung jawab dalam keamanan obat dan pemberian secara langsung kepada pasien.Hal ini semata-mata hanya untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pasien.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Farmakologi menjadi penting karena mempelajari tentang efek dari obat, sehingga diharapkan mampu mengevaluasi efek pegobatan. Pada efek obat, ada beberapa istilah yang penting kita ketahui diantaranya: nama generic merupakan nama pertama dari pabrik yang sudah mendapatkan lisensi, kemudian ada nama resmi yang memiliki arti nama dibawah lisensi salah satu publikasi yang resmi, nama kimiawi merupakan nama yang berasal dari susunan zat kimianya seperti acethylsalicyic acid atau aspirin, kemudian nama dagangnya (trade mark) merupakan nama yang keluar sesuai dengan perusahaan atau pabrik dalam menggunakan symbol seperti ecortin, bufferin, empirin, analsik, dan lain-lain.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat yang digunakan sebaiknya memenuhi standar persyaratan obat, diantaranya kemurnian, yaitu suatu keadaan yang dimiliki oleh obat karena unsur keasliannya, tidak ada campuran dan standar potensi yang baik.Selain kemurnian, obat juga harus memiliki bioaviabilitas berupa keseimbangan obat, keamanan, dan efektiitas. Standar-standar tersebut harus dimiliki obat agar manghasilkan efek yang baik akan obat itu sendiri.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai bahan atau benda asing yang masuk kedalam tubuh, obat akan bekerja sesuai dengan proses kimiawi melalui suatu reaksi obat. Reaksi obat dapat dihitung dalam satuan waktu paruh, yakni suatu interval waktu yang diperlukan dalam tubuh untuk proses eliminasi, sehingga terjadi pengurangan konsentrasi setengah dari kadar puncak obat dalam tubuh.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian obat kepada pasien dapat dilakukan melalui beberapa cara, diataranya: oral, parentral, rektal, vaginal, kulit, mata, telinga, dan hidung. Dalam pemberian obat kepada pasien, ada beberapa persyaratan yang perlu diperhatikan untuk menjamin keamanan dalam pemberian obat, diantaranya : tepat obat, tepat dosis, tepat pasien, tepat jalur pemberian, tepat waktu dan tepat dokumentasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam pelaksanaannya, Pemberian obat/medikasi mempunyai prosedur tetap yang dilakukan secara teoritis yang merupakan tindakan keperawatan yang memerlukan strategi pelaksanaan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun strategi pelaksanaan tindakan keperawatan meliputi :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses keperawatan : </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kondisi klien</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Masalah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan khusus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tindakan keperawatan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Strategi Komunikasi dalam pelaksanaan tindakan keperawatan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Orientasi </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Salam teapeutik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi/validasi kondisi klien</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontrak : topic / waktu / tempat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerja : sesuai komunikasi untuk langkah-langkah tindakan keperawatan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terminasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi respon klien</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi subjektif (wawancara dan pertanyaan)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi ojektif (observasi)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tindakan lanjut</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontrak yang akan datang : Topik / waktu / tempat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan Umum </span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa mampu memberikan medikasi kepada klien dengan benar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan khusus</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah menyelesaikan makalah ini dan seterusnya mahasiswa mampu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan tentang pengertian pemberian obat melalui intravena</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan tentang cara-cara pemberian obat melalui intravena</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan tentang hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan ketika jalur infus dipakai untuk suntikan intravena</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan tentang reaksi tubuh dalam menerima obat intravena</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan tentang khasiat dan efek samping pemberian obat melalui intravena</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan tentang prosedur pemberian obat intravena</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Definisi </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adalah pemasukan atau pemberian obat melalui jalur pembuluh darah vena kedalam tubuh, diantaranya melalui vena media cubitus/chepalica (daerah lengan), vena saphenous (tungkai), vena jugularis (leher), vena frontalis/temporalis di daerah frontal dan temporal dari temporal, vena basilica,<span> </span>dan lain-lain.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian obat intravena dapat dilakukan dengan cara infus continue, infus intermitten ataupun dalam bentuk bolus. Formulasi untuk ketiga cara pemberian ini tidak dapat saling dipertukarkan, karena akan berakibat fatal pada pasien.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Infus intravena continue</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian obat melalui infus yang continue bertujuan untuk menghasilkan dan mempertahankan konsentrasi obat yang konstan dalam darah, misalnya pada pemberian oksitosin (Syntosinon<sup>®</sup>). Obat tersebut diberikan sebagia larutan yang encer untuk mengurangi iritasi vena.Akan tetapi kita harus yakin bahwa larutan obat yang disuntikkan lewat infus dapat bercampur dengan larutan infusnya.Sebagai contoh, frusemid (Furosemid) tidak dapat bercampur dengan larutan Glukose/Dextrose.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Infus intermittent</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa obat dapat diberikan sebagai infus selama 20 menit hingga 1 jam/ cara pelaksanaannya bergantung pada apakah sudah ada infus yang terpasang atau hanya obat tersebut yang akan diberikan melalui infus. Bila ada infus yang harus diberikan bersamaan, kedua obat tersebut harus kompantibel dan digunakan two-way-tap. Bila hanya obat tersebut yang akan diinfuskan, kanula tersebut harus dibilas sebelum dan setelah pemberian obat. Pemberian infus intermitten dapat menyebabkan konsentrasi obat tersebut dalam plasma berfluktuasi, dan dapat turun diatas atau dibawah kisaran terapeutik.Keadaan ini dapat menimbulkan intoksikasi (keracunan) maupun kegagalan terapi.Konsentrasi yang berfluktuasi tersebut dapat terjadi, misalnya pada wanita yang mendapatkan terapi antibiotic atau heparin intravena.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena penyerapan obat-obat intravena berlangsung sangat cepat, maka pemberiannya harus benar-benar “tepat waktu” penyuntikan yang terlambat atau pemberian yang terlalu dekat antara yang satu dengan yang lainnya akan menyebabkan fluktuasi pada konsentrasi obat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika menambahkan obat kedalam botol cairan infus, berikut ini adalah hal – hal yang harus diperhatikan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak menusuk botol pada saat memasukkan obat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Label tambahan harus dipasang dengan mencantumkan nama obat, dosis, nama dan no. register pasien serta waktu pemberian</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat dan cairan harus larut sempurna</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kecepatan aliran harus benar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh obat yang diberikan dengan cara infus intermitten :Flagyl IV, Larutan inf. 0,5% x 100 ml</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian secara bolus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Suntikan dapat diberikan langsung pada pembuluh vena atau pada selang infus (per-kap). Penyuntikan langsung pada vena biasanya sedapat mungkin dihindari, karena alasan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan jarum baja untuk penyuntikan IV yang berkali-kali membawa resiko ekstravasasi dan kerusakan jaringan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanpa akses vena yang continue, setiap reaksi yang merugikan akan sulit ditangani.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian secara bolus lewat infus harus dilakukan dengan perlahan untuk memungkinkan cairan infus mengalir terus dan mengencerkan obat yang disuntikkan.Kecepatan penyuntikan tergantung pada jenis obatnya.Umumnya tidak ada obat yang boleh disuntikkan secara intravena dengan kecepatan kurang dari satu menit, kecuali jika paseinnya mengalami gagal jantung atau bila terdapat perdarahan hebat (Loeb et al, 1993; McKenry & salerno, 1995).Sebagian besar obat dapat disuntikkan dalam waktu satu hingga tiga menit dengan beberapa pengecualian penting seperti epineprin (adrenalin), efedrin dan aminofilin (Swonger & Matejski, 1991).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian obat yang cenderung cepat dapat menyebabkan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trauma pada vena</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi hipersensitivitas yang hebat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Efek samping yang serius</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Edema paru atau embolisasi jika volume cairan yang disuntikkan cukup besar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal – hal yang perlu dipertimbangkan ketika <span> </span>jalur infus dipakai untuk suntikan intravena</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk memudahkan akses vena, pembuluh vena yang merupakan tempat pemasangan infus harus berada dalam keadaan vasodilatasi. Karena itu daerah tersebut harus hangat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pungsi vena atau kanulasi vena akan menimbulkan nyeri. Rasa nyeri ini dapat dikurangi dengan mengoleskan krim obat anastesi local. Preparat gel ametokain (tertrakain)bekerja lebih cepat dan efektif daripada krim anastesi local lainnya. Ametokain menimbulkan vasodilatasi sehingga berbeda dengan lignokain yang menyebabkan vasokonstriksi. Sifat ini jelas amat penting ketika kita mengakses pembuluh vena (Russel & Doyle, 1997). Namun seperti halnya pada pemasangan semua kateter akan terdapat efek samping kecil, utamanya dari absorpsi sistematik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penbuluh darah perifer dapat mengempis atau kolaps pada keadaan syok sehingga aksesnya sulit dilakukan; keadaan ini terjadi misalnya pada perdarahan postpartum. Pembuluh darah dapat juga mengeras dengan pembentukan parut dan tidak bisa diakses; hal ini terjadi karena penusukan yang sering misalnya pada ibu hamil mendapatkan penyuntikan litium IV dengan pengambilan sampel darah yang teratur. Umumnya sebuah pembuluh vena hanya dapat diharapkan tetap paten selama 48 jam.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Vena sentral digunakan untuk terapi infus jangka panjang, pemberian larutan yang pekat atau iritatif, atau jika vena perifer tidak dapat di akses. Akan tetapi, resiko emboli udara dan pneumothoraks lebih besar pada pemberian infus kedalam vena sentral. Vena subklavia merupakan pembuluh darah balik yang sesuai untuk akses vena sentral.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lokasi pemberian infus harus dicek pada setiap kali pemakaiannyauntuk memeriksa patensinya. Tempat injeksi harus ‘dibilas’ dengan 2 ml cairan sebelum dan segera sesudah setiap pemakaian agar kelancaran cairan infus tetap terjamin; penyemprotan ini sedikinya harus dilakukan setiap 24 jam sekali untuk mencegah pembentukan bekuan (Ben-Arush & Berant, 1996). Bila akses vena tidak berhasil dilakukan, pada saat ini akan terasa adanya tahanan atau resistensi terhadap penyuntikan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat dapat ditambahkan kedalam container infus jika diperlukan pemberian infus yang kontinu kedalam plasma darah atau jika pemberian obat dalam bentuk larutan pekat akan membahayakan pasien. Pelaksanaan tindakan ini dapat menimbulkan masalah pada kecepatan pemberian dan inkompatibelitasnya. Semakinlama obat atau zat kimia saling terkena satu sama lain, semakin besar kemungkinan timbulnya inkompatibelitas. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Banyak obat melakukan interaksi dengan cairan infus atau obat lain sehingga khasiatnya menghilang, timbul toksisitas atau kerja obat yang lain. Karena itu sedapat mungkin hanya satu jenis obat yang boleh ditambahkan kedalam container infus dan penambahan obat tidak boleh dilakukan kedalam produk darah, cairan manitol, asam amino, atau natrium bicarbonate (BNF, 2000). Sebagai contoh; glucose akan menyebabkan pengumpalan sel-sel darah merah dalam cairan transfuse darah, aktifitas oksitosin akan menghilang dalam cairan transfuse darah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila zat-zat dalam larutan yang akan di infuskan itu tidak dapat bercampur atau inkompatibel, maka akan terjadi reaksi kimia yang membentuk partikel-partikel padat di dalam selang infus. Sebagai contoh, furosemide serta dopamine dapat saling berinteraksi dan membentuk endapan yang memunculkan partikel padat yang berwarna putih didalam selang infus. Bahayanya, pembentukan partikel ini tidak dapat segera terlihat. Endapan<span> </span>dalam selang infus dapat menimbulkan tromboplebitis atau bila terjadi kebocoran cairan infus tersebut, kulit pasien akan mengelupas. Cairan infus dengan PH yang berbeda-beda (Glosarium) kemungkinan tidak akan dapat bercampur. Sebagai contoh, furosemide bersifat inkompatibel atau tidak dapat bercampur dengan cairan infus yang nilai PHnya rendah seperti Glukose.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap obat yang ditambahkan kedalam cairan infus harus tercampur dengan sempurna. Hal ini melibatkan pelepasan container infus dari set infusetnya. Tanpa pencampuran yang sempurna, pemberian obat tidak akan merata. Sebagai contoh, jika kalium atau magnesium dibiarkan ‘mengendap’ pada dasar kantong infus, maka preparat ini akan diberikan dengan konsentrasi yang tinggi sehingga untuk menimbulkan henti jantung-paru.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi tubuh dalam menerima obat intravena</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian obat lewat infus atau intravena merupakan cara pemberian yang paling cepat dan pasti. Penyuntikan bolus dengan dosis tunggal akan memnghasilkan konsentrasi obat yang tinggi di dalam plasma.<span> </span>Obat dengan cepat akan mencapai kisaran terapeutiknya dan pencapaian kisaran terapeutik yang cepat amat berguna dalam keadaan emergensi. Jika obat diberikan terlalu cepat, kemungkinan konsentrasinya akan melampaui kisaran terapeutik dan memasuki kisaran toksik. Jika obat diberikan secara perlahan, peningkatan konsentrasinya akan lebih lambat. Dengan tindakan yang cermat, kecepatan pemberian obat intra vena dapat diatur untuk mengoptimalkan efeknya dan mengurangi efek samping.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian intravena berarti bahwa semua obat yang diberikan akan diserap. Disini setiap ketidakpastian dalam penentuan takaran dan waktu pemberian disebabkan oleh perbedaan individual yang melibatkan enzim usus dan hati tidak perlu dipertimbangkan. Takaran pemberian dapat dihitung dan disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan pasien dengan cara yang lebih tepat bila dibandingkan dengan cara pemberian lainnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meskipun rute pemberian intravena akan mengurangi masalah yang potensial terjadi dalam absorpsi obat, kita tetap harus mempertimbangkan masalah potensial yang berkaitan dengan distribusi dan eliminasi obat. Ketika memberi obat apapun, distrubusinya akan berkurang dan kemungkinan terjadinya intoksikasi meningkat jika pasien yang mendapatkan obat tersebut menderita gagal ginjal, gagal jantung dan syok; pasien preeclampsia berat atau eklampsia merpakan pasien yang beresiko.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerja dan efek samping obat/cara pemberian</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Umumnya kerja dan efek samping obat tidak dipengaruhi oleh cara<span> </span>pemberian. Akan tetapi, awitan efek yang merigukan dapat jauh lebih cepat terjadi saat obat tersebut disuntikkan intravena sehingga diperlukan tindakan penjagaan ekstra.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekstravasasi (kebocoran)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyuntikan langsung dapat menimbulkan tekanan yang terlalu besar pada pembuluh darah yang rapuh sehingga terjadi thromboemboli atau ekstravasasi.Kebocoran cairan isotonik dalam jumlah yang kecil tidak membahayakan, tetapi kebocoran cairan infus yang mengandung obat mungkin sangat iritan. Necrosis jaringan yang berat dan rupture kulit yang memerlukan pencangkokan kulit (atau bahkan amputasi jika terjadi pada neonatus) dapat mengikuti ekstravasasi nonadrenalin (noepinedrine) atau adrenalin (epineprin). Cairan yang mengandung kalium atau glucose juga sangat iritan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekstravasasi atau kebocoran lebih cenderung terjadi jika :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Digunakan jarum baja dan bukan kateter plastic</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemasangan infus pada tempat didekat persendian</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuluh vena harus dipunksi selama lebih dari dua hari</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemasangan jarum infus kurang dalam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Luasnya ekstravasasi dapat dibatasi dengan melakukan pengecekan yang sering dan pemasangan kasa yang transparan.Ekstravasasi obat merupakan keadaan emergensi.Dalam keadaan ini, infus harus dihentikan, jumlah obat yang sudah masuk kedalam jaringan harus diperikirakan jumlah, tungkai ditinggikan dan dokter diberitahu.Setiap inflamasi yang terjadi dapat diatasi dengan kompres es.Namun, penghangatan tempat ekstravasasi tersebut dapat meningkatkan reabsorpsi cairan dari jaringan disekitarnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Antidote atau preparat pendispersi yang dapat disuntikkan subkutan dengan dosis kecil disekitar daerah kerusakan sudah tersedia bagi beberapa obat yang mengalami ekstravasasi, misalnya; hialurodinase (Hyalase<sup>®</sup>) digunaka bila terjadi ekstravasasi aminofilin, kalsium, kalium, dekstrose, larutan nutrisi parentral total atau media kontras; preparat ini juga dapat dipakai bila cairan yang berlebihan dalam jaringan tersebut harus diserap. Hialurodinase bekerja dengan cara memecah substansi dasar dermis sehingga cairan bisa terdispersi. Takaran 1500 unit dalam 1 ml water for injection atau dalam 1 ml larutan NaCl 0,9% disuntikkan secara infiltrasi secepat mungkin kedalam daerah yang terkena. Hialorudinase tidak boleh diberikan pada bayi dengan riwayat persalinan premature yang tidak bisa dijelaskan sebabnya atau pada daerah terdapatnya infeksi atau malignitas (BNF, 2000).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Plebitis </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan inflamasi pembuluh vena yang biasanya terjadi karena kerusakan dinding vena yang menyebabkan pelepasan mediator inflamasi dan pembentukan bekuan.Gejalanya kemerahan, nyeri serta edema yangbiasanya timbul dalam waktu dua hingga tiga hari sesudah pemasangan jarum infus. Jika selang infusnya tidak lepas, maka akan terjadi infeksi. Fenitoin, erythromisin dan diazepam merupakan preparat iritan, sebagaimana halnya dengan kalium, multivitamin, deksrose dan asam amino yang konsentrasinya tinggi.Phlebitis lebih cenderung terjadi pada cairan infus yang asam atau alkalis atau sangat pekat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kewaspadaan yang perlu dilakukan untuk mengurangi ekstravasasi dan phlebitis meliputi tindakan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memastikan agar rute IV tetap paten</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghindari pemasangan infus pada punggung tangan, karena tendon dan saraf dibagian tersebut mudah rusak.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghindari vena yang sirkulasinya mudah terganggu, misalnya vena yang sudah cedera akibat fungsi vena</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghindari daerah pergelangan tangan dan jari-jari yang sulit diimobilisasi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memilih tempat yang memudahkan akses proksimal</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memeriksa bocoran sabelum memberikan obat lewat infus; pemasangan tornikuet diatas pembuluh vena harus dapat menghentikan aliran infus, jika tidak; berarti terjadi kebocoran</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengobservasi lokasi infus untuk menemukan pembengkakan atau kemerahan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meminta kepada pasien untuk melaporkan setiap rasa terbakar, gatal, atau nyeri</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggunakan kasa yang memungkinkan inspeksi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembilasan obat dengan beberapa milliliter larutan salin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saluran infus merupaka sumber infeksi yang sudah dikenal; mikroorganisme yang sering menyebabkan infeksi meliputi candidida sp., Enterobacter sp., staphylococcus epidermis, staphylococcus aureus dan sklebsiella sp. Tindakan asepsis yang ketat<span> </span>selalu diperlukan ketika kita menangani set infus<span> </span>(Perry & Leaper, 1994).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Insidens infeksi dapat dikurangi dengan cara :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengganti kanula intravena setiap 48 jam</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melakukan disinfeksi tangan dengan sabun dan air sebelum menanganni selang infus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggunakan sarung tangan steril</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Desinfeksi kulit pasien</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hanya memakai plaster steril yang mengenai tempat pemasangan infus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencantolkan tempat infus ditempat yang aman</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengganti kasa jika terlihat penumpukan cairan dibawahnya/basah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memeriksa tempat infus paling sedikit sekali dalam setiap hari untuk menemukan tanda infeksi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meminta pasien untuk memperhatikan bagian tubuhnya yang menjadi tempat pemasangan infus dan memberitahu petugas bila terdapat gejala kemerahan atau sakit pada daerah tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memeriksa pasien untuk menemukan adanya tanda demam.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(Keenlyside, 1992; loeb et al, 1993; Wilson, 1994)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Tehnik penyimpanan obat</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aktivitas beberapa jenis obat akan hilang karena cahaya; contoh obat-obat tersebut adalah efedrin, adrenalin, amfoterisin, dan natrium nitroprusid. Karena obat-obat ini disimpan untuk keperluan emergensi, kondisinya selama penyimpanan harus dicek secara teratur.Ada juga beberapa jenis obat yang harus di simpan dalam suhu tertentu (lemari pendingin) untuk mempertahankan kefektivitasnya, misalnya: sintocinon, dan sintometrine.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>F.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip-prinsip Kewaspadaan baku dan Pencegahan Infeksi yang berhubungan dengan perasat medikasi intravena :</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap orang (pasien ataupun petugas kesehatan) sangat berpotensi menularkan infeksi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci tangan : tindakan yang paling penting dalam pencegahan kontaminasi silang (orang ke orang atau benda terkontaminasi ke orang)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pakai sarung tangan (kedua tangan) sebelum menyentuh kulit yang terluka, selaput lendir (mukosa), darah atau duh tubuh lainnya atau instrument yang kotor dan sampah yang terkontaminasi, atau sebelum melakukan tindakan invasive. Pemakaian sarung tangan pada perasat IV dianggap perlu dengan jenis yang dianjurkan adalah sarung tangan pemeriksaan dan jenis yang diterima adalah sarung tangan DTT bedah (Tietjen, Cronin dan McIntosh 1992)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertahankan asepsis saat tindakan dilakukan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memegang jarum suntik dan spuit dengan aman yaitu dengan menggunakan teknik one hand (satu tangan) saat akan menutp kembali jarum suntik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Petunjuk keselamatan mempergunakan spuit dan jarum :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempergunakan tiap-tiap jarum dan spuit hanya sekali pakai</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan melepas jarum dari spuit setelah digunakan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan menyumbat, membengkokkan, atau mematahkan jarum sebelum dibuang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan dekontaminasi atas jarum dan semprit sebelum dibuang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Buanglah jarum dan semprit di wadah khusus anti bocor</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuangan sampah Benda-benda tajam sekali pakai termasuk jarum suntik memerlukan penanganan khusus karena benda-benda ini dapat melukai petugas kesehatan dan juga masyarakat sekitarnya jika sampah dibuang ditempat pembuangan sampah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>G.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis – jenis pemberian medikasi melalui intravena</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara langsung </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adalah pemberian obat melalui vena secara langsung, diantaranya melalui<span> </span>media cubitus/chepalica (daerah lengan), vena saphenous (tungkai), vena jugularis (leher). Tujuannya agar reaksi berlangsung cepat dan langsung masuk kedalam pembuluh darah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur Pemberian Obat Melalui Intravena langsung </span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase Orientasi </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Salam tereupetik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi atau validasi kondisi klien</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontrak : Topik / waktu / tempat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase Kerja</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persiapan alat :</span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kartu pengobatan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Spuit steril yang berisi larutan obat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bak Instrument</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kapas alcohol</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tornikuet</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Handschoond steril</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara Kerja </span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberitahu dan menjelaskan pada klien tentang tindakan yang akan dilakukan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempersiapkan peralatan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Membawa alat-alat ketempat pasien</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencuci tangan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memasang sarung tangan Steril</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tentukan vena yang akan digunakan untuk memasukkan obat, pasang tornikuet</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>7)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bersihkan daerah yang akan ditusuk dengan dengan kapas alcohol</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>8)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Siapkan spuit yang berisi obat dan keluarkan udara dari dalam tabung spuit</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>9)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menegangkankulit pasien dengan tangan non dominan, lalu masukkan jarum kedalam vena dengan lubang jarum mengarah keatas sejajar dengan vena.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>10)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan aspirasi, bila terhisap darah, lepas tornikuet dan dorong obat secara perlahan sampai habis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>11)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meletakkan kapas alcohol diatas jarum, menarik jarum dan spuit sambil memegan pangkal jarum.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>12)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bekas tusukan ditekan dengan kapas alcohol</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>13)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merapikan pasien</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>14)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Membereskan alat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>15)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencuci tangan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>16)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendokumentasikan hasil tindakan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase Terminasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi respon klien :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi subjektif</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi objektif</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tindak lanjut klien</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sikap</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hati-hati</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sabar dan jangan tergesa-gesa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bersikap sopan dan ramah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teliti dan cermat dalam menjaga sterilitas </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Melalui wadah intravena (secara tidak langsung)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tindakan ini merupakan prosedur memberikan obat dengan menambahkan obat kedalam wadah cairan infus (intravena). Tujuannya adalah untuk meminimalkan efek samping dan mempertahankan kadar terapeutik obat dalam darah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur pemberian obat melalui wadah intravena</span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase Orientasi </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Salam terepeutik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi atau validasi kondisi klien</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontrak : Topik / waktu / tempat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persiapan alat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Spuit dan jarum sesuai dengan ukurannya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat dan tempatnya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wadah cairan (kantong/botol)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kapas alcohol</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur kerja</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci tangan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan pada pasien mengenai prosedur yang akan dikerjakan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Periksa identitas pasien, kemudian ambil obat dan masukkan kedalam spuit</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cari tempat penyuntikan obat pada daerah kantong/botol</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan desinfeksi dengan kapas alcohol dan stop aliran</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan penyuntikan dengan memasukkan jarum sputi hingga menembus bagian tengah dan masukkan obat perlahan-lahan kedalam kantong/wadah cairan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>7)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah selesai, tarik spuit dan campur larutan dengan membalikkan kentong cairan secara perlahan-lahan dari satu ujung keujung lainnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>8)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Periksa kecepatan infus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>9)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci tangan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>10)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Catat reaksi pemberian, tanggal, waktu, dan dosis pemberian obat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase Terminasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi respon klien :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi subjektif</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi objektif</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tindak lanjut klien</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sikap</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hati-hati</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sabar dan jangan tergesa-gesa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bersikap sopan dan ramah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teliti dan cermat dalam menjaga sterilitas </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Melalui selang intravena</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tindakan ini merupakan prosedur pemberian obat melalui selang infus/intravena</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur pemberian obat melalui selang <span> </span>intravena</span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase Orientasi </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Salam tereupetik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi atau validasi kondisi klien</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontrak : Topik / waktu / tempat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persiapan alat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Spuit dan jarum sesuai dengan ukurannya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat dan tempatnya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wadah cairan (kantong/botol)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kapas alkohol</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur kerja</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci tangan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan pada pasien mengenai prosedur yang akan dikerjakan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Periksa identitas pasien, kemudian ambil obat dan masukkan kedalam spuit</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cari tempat penyuntikan obat pada daerah selang infus (pada bagian selang yang berkaret).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan desinfeksi dengan kapas alcohol dan stop aliran</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan penyuntikan dengan memasukkan jarum spuit hingga menembus bagian tengah dan masukkan obat perlahan-lahan kedalam selang intravena.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>7)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah selesai, tarik spuit </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>8)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Periksa kecepatan infus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>9)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan observasi terhadap reaksi obat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>10)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci tangan setelah prosedur selesai</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>11)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Catat reaksi pemberian, tanggal, waktu, dan dosis pemberian obat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase Terminasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi respon klien :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi subjektif</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi objektif</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tindak lanjut klien</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sikap</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hati-hati</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sabar dan jangan tergesa-gesa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bersikap sopan dan ramah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teliti dan cermat dalam menjaga sterilitas </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">RINGKASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat yang diberikan secara intravena memiliki efek yang paling cepat disbanding dengan cara pemberian yang lainnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa bidan harus benar-benar terlatih dalam pemberiannya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat – obat intravena dapat dilakukan melalui cara-cara berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara bolus atau “dorong”</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Infus intermitten</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penambahan kecairan infus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sterilitas tetap harus dipertahankan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembilasan diperlukan sebelum dan setelah pemberian obat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PERAN DAN TANGGUNG JAWAB MAHASISWA BIDAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara singkat, peran dan tanggung jawab mahasiswa bidan adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mematuhi kebijakan unit untuk pelatihan dan pemutakhiran keterampilan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melakukan proses pemeriksaan untuk memastikan obat yang benar diberikan pada pasien yang benar </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempertahankan teknik asepsis ketat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melakukan prosedur yang benar, termasuk pengkajian letak kanula dan kecepatan pemberian</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengobservasi ibu untuk adanya respon yang tidak diharapkan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melakukan pencatatan yang benar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">--------- 1998. <i>Kamus Saku Kedokteran Dorland.</i> Jakarta. EGC</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">--------- 2006. <i>MIMS Indonesia Petunjuk Konsultasi</i>. Jakarta. CMPMedica</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">--------- 2008. <i>Buku Panduan Praktik Keterampilan Dasar Praktik Klinik. </i>Samarinda. Prodi Kebidanan Poltekkes Kaltim</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">--------- 2008. <i>MIMS Bidan edisi perdana 2008/2009.</i> Jakarta. CMPMedica</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bossemeyer, Debora. 2004. <i>Penduan Pencegahan Infeksi untuk fasilitas pelayanan kesehanata dengan sumberdaya terbatas</i>. Jakarta. Yayasan Bina Pustaka Sarwono Prawihardjo</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hidayat, A. Azis. Uliyah Musrifatul. 2005. <i>Buku Saku Praktikum Kebutuhan Dasar Manusia.</i>Jakarta : Salemba Medika</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hidayat, A. Azis. Uliyah Musrifatul. 2008.<i>Keterampilan Dasar Praktek Klinik untuk Kebidanan.</i>Jakarta : Salemba Medika</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Johnson, Ruth. 2005. <i>Buku Ajar Praktik Kebidanan. </i>Jakarta. EGC</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jordan, Sue. 2004. <i>Farmakologi kebidanan</i>. Jakarta. EGC</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Varney, Helen. 2008. <i>Buku Ajar Asuhan Kebidanan jilid .</i>Jakarta. EGC</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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